620 “The woods were set on fire”: Ulysses Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant (New York: Charles L. Webster, 1894), 457.

620 As the flames spread: Mark Grimsley, And Keep Moving On: The Virginia Campaign, May–June, 1864 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2002), 38.

621 This might have succeeded: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 284.

621 “His face was aflame”: Ibid., 287.

622 Beneath the calm exterior: James Longstreet, From Manassas to Appomattox: Memoirs of the Civil War in America (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960), 480.

622 “that his line would be recovered”: Ibid.

622 Freeman is probably more correct: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 288.

622 By ten o’clock in the morning: Ibid., 290.

623 “Oh, I am heartily tired”: Brooks D. Simpson, Ulysses S. Grant: Triumph over Adversity (New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2000), 298.

624 Thrown on the defensive: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 216.

624 “Sometimes they put this three days”: Ibid.; Theodore Lyman, Meade’s Army: The Private Notebooks of Lt. Col. Theodore Lyman, David W. Lowe, ed. (Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 2007), 99–100.

624 “this country is intersected”: Ibid.

624 “ably entrenched himself”: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 218.

625 “He never brought me a piece of false information”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 327.

625 “A more zealous”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 125.

626 “I can scarcely think of him”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 327.

627 As one Union officer graphically described: Horace Porter, Campaigning with Grant (New York: Century, 1897), 111.

628 “We were in constant contact”: Walter Herron Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 1861–1865 (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1994), 245.

629 “Lee was opposed to the final defense”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 130.

629 It is remarkable that Lee: Ibid., 127.

630 The dead were grotesquely bloated: Grimsley, And Keep Moving On, 38.

630 “he feared such an arrangement”: Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 343.

631 By June 13 Grant had bridged: Esposito, The West Point Atlas of the American Wars, Vol. 1, text accompanying map 137.

631 For all that, Grant managed: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 224.

632 “it will become a siege”: Freeman, Robert E. Lee, Vol. 3, 398.

633 “He always tried to prevent them”: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 132.

633 “But what care can a man”: Ibid., 140.

634 His aide Colonel Long: Ibid., 138.

634 Lee had been slow to recognize: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 222.

635 To quote the verdict: Ibid., 228.

635 “a crater twenty feet deep”: Grant, Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant, 612.

636 It was not only “a tremendous failure”: Frances H. Kennedy, ed., The Civil War Battlefield Guide (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1998), 356.

636 Even the retreat: Taylor, General Lee: His Campaigns in Virginia, 260.

636 “was sorely tried and beset”: Ibid., 261–62.

637 “from the north side of the James River”: Ibid., 261.

637 On August 25 Hill attacked: Ibid., 262.

637 Colonel Taylor, like many others: Ibid.

638 “must have a decided peace candidate”: Ibid., 262–63.

638 Lee’s chaplain: A. L. Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee (New York: J. M. Stoddard, 1886), 387–88.

639 “his love for the lower animals”: Ibid., 388.

639 Lee’s only hope was to break free: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 228.

639 “It will be too late”: War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series 1, Vol. 42, Part 2 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1893), 1230.

640 “a rich man’s war”: Gary W. Gallagher, The Confederate War (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1999), 18.

640 He would eventually become: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 346.

641 “to regain strength and weight”: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 139.

641 Though he urged Mildred: Ibid., 140.

641 It is interesting to note: Ibid.

641 These brief glimpses: Ibid.

642 Lee’s nephew Major General Fitzhugh Lee: Lee, Recollections and Letters of Robert E. Lee, 141.

643 Lee complained that he had requested: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 345.

643 In his masterly study: Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy (New York: Macmillan, 1924), 345.

643 “We must decide whether slavery”: Ibid., 346.

643 President Davis was reluctant: Ibid., 348.

643 On February 4, 1865: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 351.

644 “to such punishment as”: Ibid., 354.

644 “it may be necessary to abandon”: Ibid., 355.

644 Lee was already thinking: Ibid.

645 “You must consider the question”: Ibid., 348.

645 Just as Lee was considering: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 149.

645 “serenaded the Meade home”: Ibid., 142.

645 “My precious little Agnes”: Ibid.

645 “draw out by his left”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 356.

645 “The appearance of a steady”: Ibid., 357.

645 he noted that his ability: Ibid.

646 An even more serious problem: Ibid., 359.

646 On February 24, in a long letter: Ibid.

646 Deserters usually took: Ibid., 360.

646 “sustain even our small force”: Ibid., 362.

646 At 4 a.m. on April 2: Fuller, Grant and Lee, 239.

647 Whether or not Mrs. Lee: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 143.

647 “I see no prospect”: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 364.

647 Davis rose from his pew: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 144.

647 “Through the open casements”: Ibid., 145.

647 By the middle of the afternoon: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 366.

648 Mrs. Lee watched the scene: Coulling, The Lee Girls, 146.

649 Lee’s intention had been to concentrate: Long, Memoirs of Robert E. Lee, 367.

649 “My God!” Lee exclaimed: Douglas Southall Freeman, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (New York: Scribner, 1935), Vol. 4, 84.

650 The central panel of the Hoffbauer murals: Keith D. Dickson, Sustaining Southern Identity: Douglas Southall Freeman and Memory in the Modern South (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2011), xiv.